Setting a Purpose for Motivated Reading

Setting a purpose for reading helps keep students focused and engaged while reading, and gives them a mission so that comprehension can be reinforced. Reading with purpose motivates children and helps students who tend to rush, take their time reading so they wont skip over key elements in the text. Here are a few ways teachers can set a purpose for reading, as well as teach their students how to set their own purpose. How to Set a Purpose for Reading As the teacher, when you set a purpose for reading be specific. Here are a few prompts: Read until you get to the part where so and so did this.Stop reading until you find out about so and so.Read until you discover___.Read until you find out where the story takes place.Close the book when you figure out the problem in the story. After students have completed your task you can help build comprehension by asking them to do a few quick activities. Here are a few suggestions: Draw a picture of what they think will happen next in the story.Create a concept map recording elements in the story.Write down a problem they discovered while reading the story.Ask critical thinking questions, such as What the solution to the problem in the story?...What is the purpose of this book?....What is the author trying to accomplish?...What issues arise in the story?Retell the story in your own words with a partner.Compare how the characters have changed throughout the story. Teach Students How to Set Their Own Purpose for Reading Before teaching students how to set a purpose for what they are reading make sure they understand that a purpose drives the choices they make while they are reading. Guide students into how to set a purpose by telling them the following three things. You can read to perform a task, such as specific directions. For example, read until you meet the main character in the story.You can read for pure enjoyment.You can read to learn new information. For example, if you wanted to learn about bears. After students decide what their purpose for reading is then they can select a text. After the text is selected you can show students before, during, and after reading strategies that match their purpose for reading. Remind students that as they read they should refer back to their main purpose. Checklist for Reading Purposes Here are a few tips, questions, and statements students should be thinking about before, during, and after reading a text. Before Reading: What do I already know about the topic?What can I expect to learn?Skim the book to find out what I will be learning. During Reading: Pause during reading to reflect upon what was just read. Try to link it to something you already know.Do I understand what I just read?Place a sticky note next to any question, unfamiliar word, or comment you would like to share in the text. After Reading: Reread any passages that confused you.Go over your sticky notes.Summarize in your head what you have just read.

Kennedy Is an American Tragic Hero - 1695 Words

Kennedy Is an American Tragic Hero What makes a hero a tragic hero? According to the Greek play write Aristotle, a hero must possess certain character traits in order to be tragic. Aristotle’s rules are still used today when labeling a hero tragic or not tragic. Jack Fitzgerald Kennedy, the thirty-fifth president of the United States is a tragic hero, because he possess four of the six traits a tragic hero must possess. This will be proven through the use of credible sources and explanation of these four traits. President Kennedy easily qualifies for the first rule of being a tragic hero because, he was a man of noble stature and greatness. Kennedy accomplished noble stature and greatness before he became president when he wrote a†¦show more content†¦He was on anti-spasmodic. He was on hydrocortisone. He was on testosterone. He was on a variety of antibiotics†¦He was occasionally on sleeping medication, and lots of pain killers to deal with his back. (Dallek, Ro bert). Such a large dose of different medications had their effects on the president, Kennedy took multiple drugs at a period of time when medical science was very much unaware of how drugs interacted with each other. Kennedy often had to take more medications for his medications, and he often suffered from depression and mood-swings as a result. Dr. Nassi Ghaemi, a Professor of Psychiatry at Tufts University School of Medicine and a Director of Mood Disorders Program at Tufts Medical Center studied President Kennedy’s Archives and believes that the amount of steroids the president was taking had a direct effect on his ability to make decisions, stating: There is a correlation between JFK, the failure, and the overuse and abuse of steroids- and JFK the success and the appropriate use of steroids. Travell and another doctor, Max Jacobsen (who was injecting Kennedy with a mixture of probable amphetamines and more anabolic steroids) were giving Kennedy a major mix of anabolic steroids throughout 1961. In 1962, after a medical coup d’à ©tat – then Travell was displaced and Jacobsen fired – Kennedy’s other doctors, led by a White House physician, George Burkley, markedly reduced the president’s steroid intake. The president’s leadership,Show MoreRelatedOedipus-a Tragic Hero706 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: Oedipus-A Tragic Hero Research Paper ENGL 102: Literature and Composition) Fall 2015 Melinda Meeds L26683811 APA Outline Thesis: In Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus†, Oedipus is exemplified as a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s definition because his story appeals to the reader’s humanity in the way he maintains his strengths after inadvertently causing his own downfall. I. Oedipus A. The noble birth. B. Describe Oedipus’ character. II. Tragedy A. 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Blending and Sounding Free Essays

Grapheme-phoneme requires a great deal of sound mimicking from the students, visual and material presentation, as well as word utilization. The teacher should first understand that the alphabet is known to be units which have its own unique sound. Thus, the teacher should clearly establish that there are certain instances wherein sounds in a word constitute more than a single alphabet. We will write a custom essay sample on Blending and Sounding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, students should clearly identify that speech is composed of a variety of sounds. There are different areas that students need to fully practice to enable themselves to comprehend the concept of graphemes-phonemes and enhance their reading skills. These are (1) awareness of the relationship between sounds and words, (2) understanding the connection of a letter to a sound, (3) utilizing the relationship between letters and phonemes to identify printed words then read and spell them, and (4) understand what is read (Good III, Simmons Smith, 1998). To do this, the teacher should first tell the students that they will be studying a new sound. The teacher should then demonstrate how the new sound is enunciated. The enunciation of the sound to be taught should then be mimicked by the students to establish that the students become fully familiar of the sound. This should be done repeatedly until all the students follow through with the sound enunciation and pronunciation. After the sound has been mimicked and has become familiar by the students, the teacher should then show a visual of the letters comprising the sound. This would make the students identify the sound as a grapheme-phoneme for this specific sound does not consist of a single alphabet but a group of it. To fully make the students understand that there are more than one letter that constitutes this certain sound, the teacher should have some of the students assist in holding separate visuals to make the students aware that the symbols are more than just one. After establishing to the students the information that there is more than just one alphabet that makes up the sound taught, the teacher could further make the students understand on their own that the alphabets being presented are separate by having them enunciate the sound of each letter individually. However, the teacher should have the students know that despite of the individual sounds these separate letters make; it still creates a new sound when combined. Since the students are familiarized with the letter composition of the sound, the teacher should then make the students understand that these sounds are used in words. To do this, the teacher should make use of words that comprises these grapheme-phonemes. He/she could utilize different materials that would help the students identify a word that contains this sound. And ultimately, the students should then become familiar with the word, enunciate it correctly, and understand the word completely. References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Good III, R. H. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with CBM. Early Childhood Research Institute on Measuring Growth and Development. Eugene, OR. The National Strategies, Department for Children, Schools and Families (Producer) Phase 3: Teaching grapheme–phoneme correspondence and practising oral blending. Retrieved from http://nationalstrategies. standards. dcsf. gov. uk/node/85419 February 17, 2009. Wren, S. Phoneme Awareness. Developing Research-Based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher. Retrieved from http://www. balancedreading. com/phonemeawareness. html February 17, 2008 How to cite Blending and Sounding, Papers

Maori free essay sample

Maori According to the Maori people, they came in the Great Fleet from their homeland, Hawaiki. Most historians believe that they have Polynesian and Melanesian blood and they migrated to New Zealand from their ancestral homes in New Guinea and South East Asian countries. The historians also believe that the people of the Maori culture migrated from one Pacific island to another before reaching New Zealand. This gives them some cultural features from the different islands of the pacific, especially Polynesia and Melanesia. Their culture diffused through migration, relocation diffusion, of the tribe. The Maori people form many tribes. Maori is the term used to describe the people of Aotearoa, and they are divided into a bunch of different tribes. A good comparison of the Maori tribes is the Moriori people of Chatham Island, which is close to New Zealand. The Moriori people are similar to the Maori people in many ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Maori or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first is their arrival to the place they call home by canoes. Another similarity is that the Moriori and Maori people both lost many through war with other tribes. Since the Moriori were isolated from mainland New Zealand, they developed different customs like Nunukus Law which was a law that banned any kind of blood shedding. People who are part of the western culture are imposing their beliefs and traditions on the Maori people. As New Zealand became increasingly westernized, things like clothing deans) are started to be worn by the Maori people. Also, Maori tribes are becoming more and more involved in going to university and working offices in cities. Government policies have also been forcing them to sacrifice some of their language and traditions, and forcing them to follow the culture of the majority.

Behaviors and Processes team leadership project and time management essays

Behaviors and Processes team leadership project and time management essays It is often asserted that life is a journey, not a destination. In other words, the process of learning as a group is often more instructive than a review of an individual or even a collective final product. One of the most instructive aspects of working as a team is the ability to observe and critically evaluate different time management strategies over the course of the learning process. To do so is particularly critical in the world of business, particularly businesses the embrace individuals from a For instance, different cultural contexts have different approaches towards time and time management. It has been anecdotally as well as anthropologically observed that some cultures (such as France and Italy) have a very diffuse attitude towards punctuality, where one's individual relational and immediate social contextual needs often surmount the desire to meet specific time goals. Thus,"10am' can mean anytime from 9:45 to 10:30. Other, more punctual cultures, such as our own are much more focused on the goal of meeting at specific hours. One recent immigrant to America commented "the Yellow Pages were something brand new for me when I first arrived in the U.S. I still had the habit of going to a store only to find out that it didn't have what I needed. My wife used to ask, Didn't you call before going there'' The notion of calling ahead of time requires planning and a future orientation, where my upbringing was in a present- Even within the U.S., of course, Northeasterners are supposed to be much more obsessed with meeting specific time limits and conforming to specific strictures than those from the West Coast and South. Even within our own team variations in temporal attitudes were observed. Peak and valley performance and times This does not mean that one attitude towards time management is ...

Windvest Motorcycle Products Essays

Windvest Motorcycle Products Essays Windvest Motorcycle Products Essay Windvest Motorcycle Products Essay CASE 4: WindVest Motorcycle Products Down the Windy Road May 22, 2011 Case summary: WindVest is a small family business specialized in designing and manufacturing windshields for motorcycles. The company has experienced an annual growth of 10% and 1. 5 million Dollars of sales. In order to overcome the local competition WindVest would like to improve the company’s efficiency trough the restructuring of their supply chain and finding suppliers that are located around their headquarter located in Campbel in California. WinVest is encountering a lot of problems issues related to leadership and organization dysfunctioning which make the implementation of their new strategy a hard task. 1. How might the Dobers address the management issues they face relating to control and delegation? What steps should they take to deal with the issues of running a family business? We think that the Dobers have diverse managerial issues, such as non efficient business organization, absence of HR strategy, and bad repartition of responsibilities and duties. Doug is in charge of the manufacturing, marketing, and after sales. Consequently, Doug doesn’t have enough time and resources to do promotional marketing actions to increase his customer base. He couldn’t attend the annual Hampshire Biker Rally that draws 300Â  000 bikers a year. Doug also has a lack in negotiation skills especially when negotiating prices with his suppliers. Marilyn, Norm’s wife is responsible of accounting and does not want to delegate some of her duties to her daughter Tami. In order to deal with the issues of running a family business, the Dobers have to assess their needs in terms of Human Resources organization by unloading Doug from his many responsibilities by hiring or promoting a qualified WindVest employee to be the marketing manager. Also, we recommend creating a customer service position in order to deal with clients’ requests and complaints. On the other hand, Doug being the senior manager of the company, he is to ask his mother to gradually delegate her accounting responsibilities to her daughter Tami. 2. What areas of WinVest business plan are going to be the most important in the next two years? The goal of Doug after two years is to penetrate the European market. After establishing the new management organization and improving the leadership style, WindVest need to focus on three main areas in the business plan. The company needs to develop an operational plan by expanding their production line and optimizing the supply chain activity by looking for low price suppliers for the same product quality. The company will have to develop a marketing strategy through a study of the European market. Also WindVest has to enlarge its distribution channel through the use of Harley Davidson retailers’ network. 3. What recommendations can you make to improve marketing domestic strategy? WindVest has a good quality product used by the most prestigious bike brands which is Harley Davidson. Therefore, the product has a good customer base in the U. S. We advise Doug to cultivate an interactive and enthusiastic relationship with distributors like the one in Florida, by giving incentives such as discounts and free branded goodies. Also, the bikers gathering in the US is an opportunity to be ceased because of the huge number of bikers they attract (up to 1 million bikers annually). WindVest make one third of its sales through internet and phone. The company could make a convention with a call center to promote and sale their products by phone. 4. What challenges would you anticipate for WinVest as they enter the European market? What steps should the company take to enter this market? To anticipate the entering in the European market, WindVest company needs to conduct a market research and to assess how strong the opportunity is. The marketing research has to include the 3Ms meaning the Market size, the Market demand and the Margin analysis. Moreover they need also to study; ? Customer segmentation ? Pricing strategy ? Distribution channels (whole salers, retailers, bike manufacturers, etc) ? Make alliance with European partners ? How to adapt the product to the European climate needs. 5. Once you have decided on a strategy, brainstorm with others in your class to determine ways that WindVest can optimize the performance of its sales and distribution channels? In order to optimize the performance of the company sales and distribution channels, the company would have to: ? Develop distribution channels by doing alliances with distributors and dealers where the company is not well present and with high potential. ? Participate in the bike gathering events. ? Participate in the bike shows where there is more opportunity of increasing sales. ? Extend advertizing to other states radios where there is a high potential of growth.

Role of Television in everyday lives, particularly in Childrens lives Essay

Role of Television in everyday lives, particularly in Childrens lives - Essay Example Despite the fact that there are differences with regard to the contribution of the media to aggressive behaviors, research has shown that there exists tangible evidence to conclude that the behavior of some people may be affected through exposure to certain types of violent media particularly television. Violent media have been found to contribute to very many forms of violent acts in the society. The recent technological advancements, the reluctance by the policy makers to regulate the televised programs and the commitment by the society to exercise their freedom of speech has only escalated the exposure of violent images to young children and this is happening at a very alarming rate. Normally, violent TV programs could impact people in all age groups including adolescents and push them to indulge in violence; however the age factor and the resultant mental immaturity make the children a more gullible target group.

Against nuclear power Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Against nuclear power - Research Paper Example However, there is equally a somewhat increasing concentration in the mastering of the nuclear fuel succession to ensure there is an adequate supply in terms of the needed nuclear fuel. The major concern involves the aspect of mastering this fuel cycle, meaning that countries trend riskily close to the nuclear weaponry capability. There have been endless protests in both the United States and Europe opposing the operations and construction of the nuclear power centres. Some of the proponents are said to have argued that the extending of the movement focus beyond the atomic plants was likely to end up alienating the government and public target individuals, thus most of the antinuclear alliances appears to have shied from certain issues including socialism and the corporate capitalism. There has been points of tension with the particular one being the amount of the emphasize that ought to be placed upon the elimination of the nuclear weapons. The antinuclear alliances began basically from an environmental initiative concerning the safety of the atomic plants, with several members in the movement calling for an increased stress involving the connections between the nuclear weapons and the nuclear power. Through the endeavoured occupations of the nuclear power plant centres, the modern movements against the atomic power is said to have adopted the civil disobedience being a primary criteria of protest, together with other various legal demonstrations and protests. It will be noted that an unscrupulous concern for the nonviolence seems to have marked attempted occupations of the atomic plants, thus winning some favourable attention on the national as well as the local media. Most of the antinuclear protesters tend to look up to the nonviolence in terms of philosophical manner that guides the whole of political and personal actions, with many others adopting it as a promising

The American Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The American Constitution - Essay Example It is undeniable that the development of American statutory ideas after the Upheaval shows a steady evolution from English thoughts. It is worth noting that the constitution is not perfect and therefore it includes a lot of concession amongst people. The constitution was not a complete achievement as it may be perceived due to the many defects associated with it. Fascinatingly when the constitutional deal was reached there was nearly no American in the political scene that raised the issue about the significance of harmonizing the three divisions of government. None of the Americans defended liberty and fairness as applied in other constitutions such as in England and Rome. The people opposed to the constitution argued that perhaps the checks and balances were not adequate enough to protect the citizens of this great nation. It was evident that the chief issue was not concerned with the appeal or perhaps the correct organization of the republican liberty and the government. The main worrying matter was how to unify the many republics of U.S. Many people believed that power may remain within the states and that the Congress would not have much power. It was clear that if the U.S was to remain a united country where the Congress has actual power then Republicans may want an entirely established body. Since the constitution is already in force and supports adoption of republican form of government by deriving their power on the approval and consensus of the citizens of America (Vile 2010, 25-38). Republicanism has played a major part in the American constitution since its revolution by emphasizing on liberty and irrefutable rights as the key values. Republicanism considered only sovereignty of the people and the fact that the people of America should be independent in their duties. Republicanism recognized that people actually had rights that could not be done away with and the need to do away with some social crimes such as corruption and greed. The citizens were considered very important and therefore they required a high level of representation and these Republican values were regarded as useful in the constitution. The heroes argued that Republicanism was very vital as far as the liberty of the people was concerned and therefore it would really liberate the Americans. However, there was no balance between republicanism principles and the democratic principles because republicanism insisted on liberty for all instead of addressing the issue of liberty to the majority people. Although the republicanism constitution successfully did away with the monarchy, there was no complete democracy for all (Bernstein 2009, 168-175). Moreover, the very people who were said to be capable of voting were denied this important right especially the blacks, the illiterate group and the female adults. Citizens did not have the so-called real property could not vote thus making the constitution very much undemocratic. The issue of unfairness in the constitutio n cannot be left untouched while looking at the incidents or the aftermath of approval of the Constitution. People were not permitted to make amendments of the constitution unswervingly unless through elected officials who did not have the people’s interest in their hearts (Vile 2010, 25-38).  

Characteristics Of A Smartphone Operating System Computer Science Essay

Characteristics Of A Smartphone Operating System Computer Science Essay In todays world of computerization, you must have heard a lot about programming. Programming refers to a process which carries out a set of instructions to do a particular task. Presently, programming is extended beyond computers to various application systems, one such application system is Communication Devices, which covers telephone exchanges like PBX (Private Branch eXchange), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), Networking Devices like switches, router and terminal devices like ISDN phone, modems, mobile phones, and so on. Programming these devices is quite challenging in their own way as they involve challenging requirements like real time processing, multi-device handling, enormous features, friendly GUI, and so on. We in this unit have chosen smartphone a mobile phone variant as an example to describe the programming aspects associated with its functioning. In this unit, we will discuss as to what a Smartphone is and also its features that has made it so popular. We will also discuss about the Smartphone operating systems. You will find the necessity for an operating system in Smartphones and the characteristics that these operating systems support. You can easily relate many of the concepts to the mobile phone that you or your acquaintances might be using. Mobile phone usage has increased manifold over the past decade. ,A mobile phone (also called as cellular phone, cell phone or hand phone) is an electronic device which facilitates two-way telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations, or cell sites. A general classification of mobile phones based on features are: One is Feature phones, or low end phones, which offer basic services like making and receiving calls, radio (FM) services, and sending or receiving Short Message Services (SMS). The other is Smart phones, which offer more advanced technology, like connection to the World Wide Web (www), sending Multimedia Message Services (MMS), accessing Bluetooth and infrared applications, playing audio and video files, providing GPS functions etc,. Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to exchange data by connecting devices within short distance. Infrared is a wireless technology used to exchange data by connecting two electronic devices. A Smartphone is a remarkable invention; it is a mobile phone with more offerings that fits in your pocket and lets you communicate from anywhere in the world. The primary difference between mobile phones and Smartphones is that the Smartphones have complete operating software, which provides a standardized interface and platform for application developers. Smartphones are like laptops or miniature computers, and can perform a variety of functions. As the Smartphones have operating software and a standard interface, the users have the ability to add applications and upgrade features and services on their mobile phones. Let us see how Smartphones evolved. Today, with technological advancement, the Personal Computer (PC) is a part of everyday life as a productivity, entertainment, and communication device. Like laptops the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) were introduced as mobile computing devices with less memory capacity. These PDAs, also known as handheld computers or palmtops, are electronic organizer or planner that can easily share any information with the computer. It is basically a high end organizer phone. The concept of Smartphone is obtained from the PDAs and mobile phones. Initially, PDAs were developed to access Internet while mobile phones were meant to receive calls, send messages, etc, Then the Smartphone was invented which had the ability to fit more functionality into a smaller device. Smartphones are a combination of the functionalities of mobile phone as well as the features of PDA. Like most inventions, Smartphones are built on a chain of prior technological advancements of semiconductor miniaturization, battery technology, display devices, touch panels, and the invention of telephone and wireless technology. We will be touching upon the features of Smartphone in detail in the subsequent sections. Self Assessment Questions A mobile phone is an electronic device which facilitates two-way telecommunications over a _____________ of base stations, or cell sites. Smartphones offer basic services like making and receiving calls. (True/False)? PDA stands for __________________. Smartphone Features Smartphone is a combination of both mobile phone and handheld computer, into a single device. Smartphone is a single device which allows users to store information (for example, e-mail) and install programs, along with the use as a mobile phone. We can say that a Smartphone is a mobile phone with some PDA functions integrated into the device or vice versa. The features offered by the Smartphones are the most important factor that has made it so prominent in the present day. Let us now discuss these features: Software: Smartphones are operated with the help of software to manage basic functions like address book, messaging, and searching stored data. The software in a Smartphone has advanced features that allow you to create and edit MS Office documents and download applications. Most of the Smartphones support full featured e-mail capabilities with the functionality of a complete Personal Organizer with book or binder, containing a calendar, address book, scheduler, and other such functions. Operating system: Smartphones comes with an operating system that supports various applications. It also helps to maintain the software and hardware used in these phones. The Symbian, Windows mobile, and Android are some examples of the operating systems used in Smartphones. Managing calls: The user can manage multiple calls (conference calls) and concurrent calls on the Smartphone with the help of User Interface (UI). Apart from changing the ring tones based on callers or groups, the cell phone allows you to record the calls in digital format and save them to your computer. Access to internet: With the introduction of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Smartphone facilitates its users to access Internet at higher speed using the 3G technology (It is a third generation wireless technology that facilitates advanced multimedia access, global roaming, and high speed communication). Thereby the device helps you to browse your favourite websites, send and receive emails, and download games faster as you would do it on your desktop computers. It also facilitates users to automatically reformat the HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) pages for display on small screen. HTML is a markup language that is used to structure text, graphics, and sounds in a web page by the use of various tags. The device can also access Web2.0 content. Web 2.0 is related to web applications that provide interoperability, information sharing, and user friendly design Advance GPS features: The GPS (Global Positioning System) feature present in the Smartphone helps users to get driving directions, point of interest in the locality, or search businesses by using the gadget. The Smartphone users can obtain current location by connecting to portable GPS receiver or integrating a GPS receiver to the device. QWERTY keyboard: With a Smartphone, you can get a keyboard like the one that you use with your computer. You can use a physical keyboard to type on or a touch screen like an iPhone which is operated by software. An iPhone is a smartphone (product of Apple) which provides all the features of a smartphone such as, internet access, touch controls, and so on. Multimedia features: Smartphones are also featured with built-in digital camera and a sound recorder. Apart from taking still pictures, you can also record video clips. These features allow you to share the Multi Media Messages (MMS) with other Smartphones via email, Bluetooth or infrared with or without the help of additional software. Touch Screen: A Typical PDA has a touch screen, which is an electronic visual display or input device for entering data. These days most of the Smartphones have this feature allowing the user to easily select various features of the phone. The best place where you can experience the usage of the touch screen is in the ATMs (Automated Teller Machine), as most of the ATMs have a touch screen. ATM is a telecommunication device that provides financial assistance to the clients of a financial institution. ATM is also known as a Cashpoint.. An automated teller machine (ATM), also known as automatic banking machine (ABM), Cash Machine, or Cashpoint, is a computerised telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller. Wireless Connectivity: Many Smartphones come with Wireless Wide-Area Networks. Latest Smartphones have Bluetooth wireless connectivity. It can be used to connect keyboards, headsets, GPS and many other accessories. Superior PDAs have Wi-Fi or WLAN (Wireless Local-Area Networks) connectivity, which can be used to connect to Wi-Fi hotspots or wireless networks. Messages: The Smartphone offers facility to send and receive not only text messages but also multi media messages. It facilitates to send and receive messages through e-mails. It even provides access to the web based messaging services such as, Yahoo messenger. Resolution and screen size: The Smartphone offers a high resolution screen and a big screen size that helps you to carry out different functions easily. Some Smartphones provide touch screen facility for better view and easy functioning of the device. Memory: This is an important feature as it is very essential to support various features such as operating system or screen resolution. As a user, memory means the flash memory storage chip where you can store all files and applications. The RAM (Random Access Memory) is the physical location in the chip where the operating system and other applications run. The RAM size for a Smartphone can be in the order of 10MB to 20MB. Besides the Ram, users can add flash memory for storing their data like contact details, songs, video recording etc. Flash Memory in a Smartphone is either inbuilt or can be installed as an add-on. The memory size of the Smartphone depends upon the manufacturer. For example, Apple iPhone 3GS Smartphone has a flash memory of 16GB that can be extendable up to 32GB. Synchronization facility: An important function of Smartphones is, synchronizing data with a computer. Most of the Smartphones come with the facility to synchronize to a PC. This feature allows maintaining the latest contact information stored on software like Microsoft Outlook. Thus, we can say that in contrast to the regular cell phone, a Smartphone offers advanced features as it combines the features of a cell phone and a PDA. Self Assessment Questions: A Smartphone is a combination of both ___________ and handheld computers into a single device. GPS stands for _____________. An important function of Smartphone is _______________ data with a PC. Activity 1: Examine few Smartphones and analyze the various features it provides. Mobile/Smartphone Operating System As you know that operating system is one of the important features of a mobile/Smartphone, let us now illustrate this feature.. In general an Operating System(OS) refers to a program that helps to run various other programs on a computer. It also manages the software and hardware of the system. The most important software in any Smartphone is its operating system. It is also referred as mobile platform. Need for mobile operating system The mobile operating system powers mobile devices like mobile phones, Smartphones, PDAs, and Tablet PCs (a wireless PC equipped with a touch screen and a digital pen). It manages the mobile device hardware, memory, and software resources. It controls the functioning, and the capabilities of a mobile device. The feature set, security, reliability, and the ease of use are not the only criteria that make a mobile platform good or bad, but also the flexibility of the mobile platform to integrate with diverse set of devices and software systems. A mobile operating system controls everything from handling the input obtained from touch screen, keyboard, or some external device to controlling the memory and the overall functioning of the device. It also manages the communication and the interplay between the mobile device and other compatible hardware such as, computers, televisions, or printers. Operating system manages and controls all the features and functionalities of the mobile device. Therefore, a Smartphone is a combination of the hardware and the operating system, which determines what capabilities it can or cannot support. As the operating system manages the hardware and software resources of Smartphones, it is responsible for determining the functions and features available on the device. Smartphone is a combination of mobile technology that is the mobile phone and PDA, which are based on the computer applications All Smartphones are embedded with an operating system which enables the operation of software applications. In addition to the principle features like phone calls and messaging, you can send e-mails, manage your personal and office documents, and visit websites for searching information, play online games, and read news. It also allows sharing and downloading of documents and applications. If a Smartphone is to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously, it must have an operating system that facilitates the sharing of processing and memory resources among multiple applications. Additionally, the operating system must allow users to switch between the active applications. Characteristics of a smartphone operating system Even though the functionality of an operating system used in computers and Smartphones are same, certain characteristics of a Smartphone operating system are different from the ones used in computers. The characteristics that a Smartphone operating system should comprise are as follows: Resource-limited hardware: Smartphones should be able to support various applications. It should also provide facility to access Internet. But to meet these requirements, Smartphones have limited memory and processing power when compared to the desktop PCs and Laptops. Thus, the operating system must be careful in using hardware resources especially memory. It should not only utilize less memory but also consist of architecture that provides support for applications to limit their use of memory. It should also have the capability to handle low-memory situations gracefully. Robustness: A user expects a mobile operating system to be robust. This means it should be strong and unlikely to fail or crash. The device must not only be designed to avoid crash, but must also provide support functions and policies. These support functions and policies allow the device to handle application errors and out-of-memory situations, without hampering the functionalities of the Smartphone. User interface for limited user hardware: The operating system should implement a user interface environment that is efficient and intuitive to use, despite the smaller screen and limited user input capabilities of the Smartphone. Furthermore, the screen sizes and input capabilities vary between different models of Smartphones, so the User Interface architecture should be flexible, such that it can be customized for the various user interface objects. Library support: Smartphone operating systems should contain middleware libraries and frameworks with APIs that implement and abstract the functionality of the features of the Smartphone. The purpose is to provide functional consistency and to ease the software development. Middleware library and framework is a software layer that acts as a mediatory between the application and the systems operating system. The middleware framework consists of a set of components that connects the application with the underlying OS. Examples of Smartphone middleware include libraries and frameworks for email, SMS, MMS, Bluetooth, cryptography, multimedia, User Interface features, and GSM or GPRS, which provide more support for Smartphone features. Popular mobile operating systems Some of the popular mobile operating systems are: Symbian Android BlackBerry Operating System Windows mobile Java enabled Garnet Operating System Linux Symbian: Symbian operating system is the most popular operating system used in most Smartphones and mobile phones today. The heritage of Symbian OS begins with some of the first handheld devices. This operating system began its existence in 1988 as SIBO (an acronym for 16-bit organizer). SIBO ran on computers developed by Psion Computers, which developed operating system to run on small footprint devices. It was designed with specific criteria that can be characterized by event-driven communications, using client-server relationships and stack-based configurations. Client-server describes the relation between two computer programs. The client program sends a service request to the server program. The server program fulfils the request. The Symbian operating system is developed using C++ programming language. The Symbian operating system is a mobile operating system that was specially built to run on a Smartphone platform. It fits in the memory of a mobile phone because of its compatibility. It is considered as a full fledged operating system. Symbian operating system supports multitasking and multithreading. Many processes can run concurrently, they can communicate with each other and utilize multiple threads that run internal to each process. It facilitates good support for graphics and data management. This operating system has a file system that is compatible with Microsoft Windows operating system. It even supports other file system implementations through a plug-in interface. It uses TCP/IP networking as well as several other communication interfaces, such as serial, infrared and Bluetooth. For example, Nokias bestseller Smartphone 6600 was developed using the Symbian operating system. Android: Android is an operating system for mobile devices that is developed by Google. .Android operating systems are based on the Linux kernel and the GNU software. Android has a large community of developers writing applications that has helped to extend the functionality of the devices. The developers write managed code in Java, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. The Android operating systems offer a virtual machine that is optimized for the mobile devices. It provides a structured data storage by the use of SQLite. It facilitates with technologies such as, Bluetooth, 3G and WiFi that are hardware dependent. It enables reuse and replacements of components through an application framework. For example Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 is developed using Android operating system. A virtual machine can be referred to an environment or a program that does not physically exists but is created inside another environment. BlackBerry operating system: The BlackBerry operating system is an e-mail based operating system introduced in a Smartphone device developed by the Canadian company, Research In Motion (RIM). It includes typical Smartphone applications like address book, calendar, to-do lists, and telephone capabilities. It supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, Internet faxing, Web browsing and other wireless information services. It offers a multitasking environment which helps to perform more than one task at the same time. The system navigation is primarily accomplished by a scroll ball, or trackball in the middle of the device. It even offers support for WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and Java Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP). WAP helps to access mobile web from a Smartphone or a mobile phone. Java MIDP offers stipulation for employing Java on Smartphones. Windows Mobile: Windows Mobile is an operating system used in various mobile phones and Smartphones. It encompasses the entire software stack from the kernel to the application interface. This operating system is compatible with the Microsoft Office suite of programs. The current version is called Windows Mobile 6.5. It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and the software can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile. Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen. Windows CE is a modular operating system that serves as the foundation for several classes of devices. Windows Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), Smartphone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general use in Smartphones and PDAs. It consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. It provides feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. It offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. Java enabled: Smartphones with Java based OS are also available. SavaJe is one such O.S. which is java based. It includes everything from the kernel to the user interface framework and application suite. SavaJes complete suite of applications for advanced mobile phones spans the entire spectrum of handset functionality, including: A phone application, for voice calls management. A universal messaging application with a simple and intuitive user interface for MMS, SMS, and e-mail messages. A universal browser for transparent access to WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) , HTML and XHTML (eXtensible Hyper Text Markup Language) sites. XHTML is a markup language that is similar to HTML, used in the creation of webpages and is a combination of HTML and XML. A multimedia application for still and video capture and playback, including camera control and multiple media players. A Personal Information Management (PIM) application for contacts, calendar, tasks, notes and alarms management and synchronization to a local PC or over-the-air. Garnet Operating System: This was formerly known as Palm OS. This operating system combines a Linux-based foundation with applications written for the old Palm OS. The Palm OS was mainly used in PDAs, though the Treo line of Smartphones used it as well. The Garnet Operating System is also referred as Palm OS5. It is a specialized operating system for powering portable hand-held devices, Smartphones, and PDAs from ACCESS Systems, who developed software products and platforms for web browsing, mobile phones, wireless handhelds, and other networked devices. The Garnet Operating System has a built-in PACE (Palm Application Compatibility Environment). Garnet Operating System is capable of supporting wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, and Infrared. In addition to this functionality, it also offers standard support for a variety of screen resolutions. Linux: Linux is unique among the other operating systems. This is because its development is driven by a community of developers rather than by a single company such as Symbian operating system in Nokia phones and blackberry OS in blackberry phones. According to ARCchart, the Linux operating system supports more processors than other operating system, though the most popular phone models still use the Symbian operating system. However, Linux is an organic OS, where in, the developers constantly change and update it even at the kernel level platforms. Six telecommunication companies are responding to this by forming the LiMo foundation, an organization that is attempting to create a standardized Linux platform. Smartphones based on the open source Linux operating system have emerged in the market. There are many advantages to using an open-source operating system like Linux. No cost and the opportunity to tap into the Linux open source community are appealing. This has made Linux grow, not only for the server and PC market space, but also in the embedded device area including handheld computers. For example, Motorola that is a notable supporter of Linux has released the A760 Smartphone based on this operating system. Linux may become the preferred operating system in full featured mobile terminals as well as a variety of embedded systems. Linux-powered Smartphone will hold an important position in the near future. Advantages and disadvantages of smartphones The usage of Smartphones is on the rise. The reason behind this widespread usage is because Smartphones provide enhanced features to users. Let us look at some of the advantages that Smartphones have: We can download applications or important data on-the-go. It is easier for us to carry a Smartphone when compared to a laptop or a PDA. We can incorporate different functionalities into a small device. 3G Internet allows us to browse the Internet at speeds faster than our internet connection at home. But Smartphones do have the following disadvantages when compared to Feature phones: Smartphones are generally high-priced because they support multiple features. To use all the wireless tools provided within the Smartphone, we would require an expensive wireless data plan. Self Assessment Questions _____________ operating system began its existence in 1988 as SIBO. Palm OS operating system combines a __________foundation with applications written for the old Palm OS. Windows Mobile OS is based on windows _____________. Android is an operating system for mobile devices that was developed by ____________. Windows Mobile operating system was developed by __________. The SavaJe OS is a __________ based system that includes everything from the kernel to the user interface framework and application suite. Garnet OS was formerly known as Palm OS.(True/False)? Activity 2: Check out few mobile phones in your contacts and find out which operating system is used and write down a comparison of the features offered. Summary In this unit we started with underlying the concept of Smartphones. We learnt that a Smartphone refers to a handheld device that offers the functionality of a mobile phone as well as the PDAs. We also came to know about the various features provided by Smartphones such as, operating system, software, access to internet, QWERTY keyboard, advanced GPS features, touch screen, memory, and so on. Then we discussed about the mobile or Smartphone operating system in detail. Here, we discussed the necessity for a mobile operating system. Furthermore, we even discussed the characteristics of a Smartphone operating system such as, robustness; resource limited hardware, user interface for limited user hardware, and library support. Later we also discussed about the various operating system support by these Smartphones or mobile phone. This includes operating systems such as Symbian, Android, Blackberry OS, Windows Mobile, Garnet OS, Java, and Linux. Glossary Let us have an overview of the important terms mentioned in the unit: Bluetooth: An open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using short length radio waves from fixed and mobile devices Kernel: Is the central component of most computer operating systems, it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing Middleware: Software that mediates between the application program and a network. Multitasking: It refers to the ability of the operating system to quickly switch between tasks, giving the appearance of simultaneous execution of tasks Multithreading: It widens the idea of multitasking into applications, so that specific operations within a single application can be subdivided into individual threads. SavaJe OS: A Java OS for advanced mobile phones. Developers can create better user interface using this OS. Thread: it is a light weight process. It is a single flow of with a process. QWERTY: It is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters Wi-fi: Networks build used for wireless network. Terminal Questions What is a Mobile Operating System? Name the types of mobile operating systems available in the market. List down various features of a Smartphone. What is a Symbian Operating System? Explain briefly the advantages and disadvantages of Smartphones Answers Self Assessment Questions Cellular network False Personal Digital Assistant Mobile phone Global Positioning System Synchronize Symbian Linux-based CE 5.2 kernel Google Microsoft Java True Terminal Questions Refer section 1.4 The Mobile/Smartphone Operating System that describes mobile platform. Refer sub-section 1.4.3 Popular mobile operating systems, which tells the various platforms used to develop a Smartphone. Refer section 1.3 Smartphone Features that describes the QWERTY keyboard and touch screen and other features. Nokias bestseller Smartphone 6600 was developed using this operating system. Refer sub-section 1.4.3 Popular mobile operating systems for details. Refer section 1.5 which lists various advantages and disadvantages of Smartphones. References and Suggested Readings Jochen Schiller (2009), Mobile Communications (Second Edition). E-References http://www.3gamericas.org. http://developer.symbian.com/main. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx.

All Americans Need Access to Health Care Essay -- ObamaCare Essays

America is known for democracy, freedom, and the American Dream. American citizens have the right to free speech, free press, the right to bear arms, and the right to religious freedom to name a few. The Declaration of Independence states that American citizens have the rights including â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† America promises equality and freedom and the protection of their rights as outlined in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. But with all the rights and freedoms that American citizens enjoy, there is one particular area where the United States seems to be lacking. That area is health care. The United States is the only industrialized nation that doesn’t have some form of legal recognition of a right to health care (Yamin 1157). Health care reform in the United States has become a major controversy for politicians, health care professionals, businesses, and citizens. Those in opposition to reform claim that health care is not a human right, therefore the government should not be involved. Supporters of reform believe that health care is most definitely a human right and should be available to everyone in the United States instead of only those who can afford it, and that it is the government’s responsibility to uphold that right. Out of all the industrialized countries in the world, the United States is the only one that doesn’t have a universal health care plan (Yamin 1157). The current health care system in the United States relies on employer-sponsored insurance programs or purchase of individual insurance plans. Employer-sponsored coverage has dropped from roughly 80 percent in 1982 to a little over 60 percent in 2006 (Kinney 809). The government does provide... ... Mar. 2011. "It Is Possible for the United States to Achieve Universal Health Care While Protecting Scientific Innovation." Universal Health Care. Ed. Susan C. Hunnicutt. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. Kinney, Eleanor D. "Realization of the International Human Right to Health in an Economically Integrated North America." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37.4 (2009): 807-818. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. "National Insurance Could Prove Disastrous. (Cover story)." USA Today Magazine 133.2719 (2005): 1-2. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. Yamin, Alicia Ely. "The Right to Health Under International Law and Its Relevance to the United States." American Journal of Public Health 95.7 (2005): 1156-1161. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.

Study Into Respiratory Infection Reduction Health And Social Care Essay

Summary OF THE STUDYThe chief purpose of the survey was to measure whether there was a decrease in the marks and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and alterations in behavioural responses of the kids who received steam inspiration compared to kids who did non have steam inspiration. The conceptual frame work of the survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on the Dorothy Johnson ‘s behaviour system theoretical account. The independent variable of the survey was steam inspiration therapy with Tulsi and the dependent variables were symptoms and behavioural responses of kids. The survey was conducted in a small town with the population of about 1913. The people in the community are of two groups based on caste Harijans and Grounders shacking on southern and northern portion of the community severally. A convenient sampling of 25 kids from each group was selected. Demographic information and information on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses were collected from both the groups utilizing an experimental checklist and structured interview agenda. For the experimental group steam inspiration with Tulsi was administered for 10 yearss prior to each disposal steam inspiration on every twenty-four hours and after disposal the grade of AURI utilizing experimental checklist and informations on behavioural responses was assessed daily by self study from the female parent during the period of 11 yearss. The control group continued to utilize the application of Vicks and milk with Piper nigrum and Curcuma longa. Data on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses was collected as for the experimental group. The informations were analyzed utilizing descriptive and illative statistics.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:Demographic informationsIn experimental group, bulk of the samples 60 % were in the age group of 13 – 24 female parents and in control group 60 % of the samples were in the age group of 6 – 12 female parent, Majority of the samples in experimental group 52 % and 60 % in control group were females. 48 % of the samples in experimental group and 44 % of the samples in control group were male. All the samples 100 % in both the groups were immunized. In the experimental group 48 % of the samples and 44 % in control group had primary degree of instruction 32 % of the samples in experimental group and 36 % in control group had secondary degree of instruction 20 % of the samples in both the group were illiterate. Majority of the samples 64 % in experimental group and 52 % in control group had the income of Rs. 2001 – 3000 per month and 36 % of the samples in experimental group and 48 % of the samples in control group had the income of Rs. 3001- 4000 per month.Signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infectionThe marks observed were fluid nose, sneezing, lacrimation of eyes, pink and glistening mucous membrane of nose, presence of crusts on the olfactory organ, febrility, cough, ruddy and conceited pharynx. The acute upper respiratory infection was assessed in three degree – no infection, mild infection and moderate infection. Before intercession, 60 % of the samples had mild grade of infection in experimental group. In control group 84 % of the samples had mild grade of infection and 16 % of the samples had moderate grade of infection. In experimental group on 11th twenty-four hours after intercession all 100 % of the samples had no infection. In the control group 84 % of samples had mild degree infection and 12 % had moderate grade of infection on 11th twenty-four hours. The average mark of grade of infection in experimental group should hold a important decrease after the steam inspiration therapy on 11th twenty-four hours.Behavioral responses of experimental and control groupThe behavioural responses of kids with acute upper respiratory infection were assessed under 2 classs such as physical activity and societal activity in three degrees [ inactive, moderate, and extremely active ] . The behavioural responses assessed were calls of the kid, sleep, jobs in eating, respond to tickle, involvement to play with playthings, smiling, response of the kid when called by name running about, want to be carried by female parent ever, involvement in playing with other kids. Before intercession in the experimental group bulk 69 % of the samples was physically and socially in active, 40 % were samples reasonably active and in control group 50 % of the samples were physically and socially in active and 50 % of the samples were reasonably active. None of the samples in both the group were active. On 11th twenty-four hours in experimental group all the samples 100 % were extremely active and control group 66 % of the samples were in active and 34 % were reasonably active. In the experimental group the mean mark was 0.00 which was less compared to the control group. This shows the consequence of steam inspiration therapy that improves the behavioural responses of kids with acute upper respiratory infection.Significant Findingss:There was a important difference in average mark of grade of acute upper respiratory infection of experimental group ( t=21.88, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, df-48 ) compared to command group. Hence, the research hypothesis H1was accepted at 0.05 degree of significance. There was a important difference in the average behavioural responses score between the experimental and control group ( t=39.44, df-48, p & A ; lt ; 0.05 % ) . Hence, the research hypothesis H2 was accepted at 0.05 degree of significance. There was no important association between the demographic variables and grade of acute respiratory infection.DecisionThe grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses is same for both the group before intercession. But, after intercession there was important decrease in experimental group for all mark and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection where in control group there was no important decrease. There was a important betterment in the behavioural responses in experimental group after intercession and in control group there was no such betterment in the behavioural responses.DeductionNursing PracticeSteam inspiration therapy with Tulsi foliages had an consequence on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses in kids. Nurses as wellness professionals have the double duty of being wellness attention suppliers every bit good as wellness pedagogues. The determination of the survey indicate that all the heath squad members particularly the nurse who works in the community should be cognizant about the effectivity of steam inspiration therapy with Tulsi on acute upper respiratory infection and educate the people to utilize this low cost natural merchandise. Peoples belonging to all strata of society must be encouraged to utilize of Tulsi foliages by making consciousness about the help ability, low cost and efficiency of this natural merchandise to diminish the grade of acute upper respiratory infection.Nursing EducationThe findings of the survey stress the consequence of steam inspiration with Tulsi foliages on cut downing the grade of acute upper respiratory infection and the betterment in behavioural responses of kids. This information can be included in the nursing course of study in order to better the wellness position and forestall the complications of respiratory infection in the community.Nursing Administration:The consequ ence showed steam inspiration with Tulsi leaves diminish the grade of acute upper respiratory infection. The nurse as an decision maker should be after and form go oning nursing instruction programmes which are good to the people in the community planning and organisation of such programmes require efficient squad work, be aftering the work force, money, stuff and clip to carry on successful instruction and clip to carry on successful instruction programmes.Nursing ResearchThis is merely initial probe to measure the effectivity of steam inspiration with Tulsi on acute upper respiratory infection. There is a demand for intensive research in the country of nursing to render missive service non merely in the infirmary but besides in the community.RecommendationA similar survey can be replicated on a layer population covering an extended community. A survey can be conducted in other countries of Coimbatore metropolis. A similar survey can be conducted in infirmary scene for patient with acute upper respiratory infection. A comparative survey can be conducted between rural and urban scenes. A comparative survey can be conducted between male and female kids with acute upper respiratory infection.

You Are The Registered Nurse Performing A Health Assessment On A

You Are The Registered Nurse Performing A Health Assessment On A You Are The Registered Nurse Performing A Health Assessment On A Newborn Infant. From The Functional – Coursework Example Breastfeeding and Infant Nutrition A mother who is reluctant to breastfeed is putting her baby on a number of health risks and thebaby may eventually die of malnutrition. If a mother has been found to be not breastfeeding, as a nurse, I must apply an evidence-based practice in going about this case. I must inquire from her the reasons as to why she reluctant to breastfeed. This might be her first birth and therefore, she may be very naà ¯ve with child care and nutrition. In that case, she must get some teaching on the importance of breastfeeding. The mother has to be informed that breast milk is the only food that a new born baby can digest and, contains all the nutrients needed by the baby. The milk is also helpful in boosting the immune system of the baby thus, protects it from diseases. Breastfeeding also bonds the mother with her child.Other reasons for not breastfeeding could be health related issues such as HIV and drug abuse. However, these must only be established from the m other herself. If she smokes or drinks alcohol, she must quit for the sake of the baby. If the mother has HIV, she will also be advised appropriately on how to feed the baby. If the case is extreme such that the baby cannot be breastfed, I would recommend that it be given commercial infant formula. The formula shall nourish the baby with nutrients such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and antibodies. The baby would also be given vitamin D supplements to facilitate the development healthy bones. Meanwhile, the medical team should be working on a breastfeeding solution.ReferenceRafael, H. (2012). Infant Nutrition: Immunity. New Orleans: Goodreads.

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr essays

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr essays The duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in 1804 is still remembered today as being very significant in the political life of the country. Hamilton and Burr met in Weehawken on the 11th of July, and they loaded their pistols in each others presence. They measured off the distance, and they had someone else give the word. They both fired at the same time, and Hamilton was killed. The repercussions spread out through the political world and the death of Hamilton caused political changes that otherwise may not have even happened. The purpose of this paper is to show how Hamilton's death affected politics in the country, and why the duel between Hamilton and Burr was so significant. Hamilton said, in one of his writings, that he had no problem with Burr, other than the fact that they had opposing political views. This was hardly a worthwhile and significant reason to engage in a duel where at least one of them would certainly die. Some people, however, believe that there were problems between Hamilton and Burr that went back as far as 25 years before their deadly duel. The truth will probably never be known, but whatever the reason for the duel, the effects of it lasted for a long The backgrounds of the two men, as well as their political views, personal occupations, and national ambitions were very different, and this could easily have set them up for the problems that they found with each other. It could have also led to the duel that took the life of Hamilton. Upon first examination, the two men seem very similar. They were both small men, and they dressed much the same. Their mannerisms and their voices were strong and confident, and their eyes had a very penetrating quality. There were no obvious reasons in a general sense why they would have had significant problems with each other. Their likenesses became their downfall, however. It i...

Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Science - Essay Example The main purpose of taking field trip is to allow students a real life experience that they would not be possible to have within the classroom setting or the laboratory. Academics believe that these varieties of activities enhance students’ understanding of the processes concerned and conjointly improve student’s attitudes towards science and within the classroom likewise. These trips have proven to be an effective pedagogy and may be used both effectively as well as frequently. Through a look of the Aquarium’s exhibits and behind the scenes areas, students are going to be exposed to aquarium careers and research. Also students would be able to understand how the Aquarium meets the diverse needs of the sea animals. Animal behavior is another interesting study. Before transferring animals to an aquarium, biologists study and understand how these animals behave and what they require to survive. Training is provided to the staff to take care of the health of those animals. On the other hand, there are Discovery labs. These labs provide great opportunities for different level of classes to dive into science. Through in-depth investigations, students will explore the ideas of marine biology and oceanography. These interactive discovery labs bring science to life and supply a chance for students to engage in group discussion. Few educators question the worth of learning through experience and research. They have indicated that learning outside the classroom setting can be educationally effective from both a psychological feature and emotional standpoint. Non-native speakers in particular who do not experience much success in the academic field might spark a lifetime passion while visiting, as an aquarium may present intricate information in more exciting and varied ways. As a result, these trips help in motivating students to learn more

Gender Discrimination in Five Star Hotels Essay

Gender Discrimination in Five Star Hotels - Essay Example The essay "Gender Discrimination in Five Star Hotels" talks about the gender discrimination in five-star hotels and its impact on their career. Hotels are a part of the hospitality industry which is one of the oldest industries in the world. A hotel provides a temporary stay for its customers.A hotel provides a carefree atmosphere for its customers. It is a very sociable industry; its employees have a very high exposure to the customers. Looking at its contribution to the economy we can say that it is one of the most fast growing and biggest industries of the world. Almost 10% of the gross national product is due to this hotel industry. In 2005, it gave revenue of almost  £27 billion. After 2000 there was an increase of almost 4.5% in the hotel sector. In 2004, it gave almost  £11.5 billion revenue. This huge increase shows that it is one of the fastest-growing industries. In 2002, there were almost 280 000 employees in almost 40 000 establishments. London is the hub of hotel est ablishments in the UK.In recent years we can notice that the hotel sector has been growing very fast. The main reasons for this are mergers and acquisitions. Sheraton Park Tower Hotel, Marriott London Park Lane, The London Hilton on Park Lane, Intercontinental etc are all five-star hotels in the UK. There are many big names in this sector of the hospitality industry, there is almost nothing being done in case of human resource management. Employment opportunities in the hospitality profession abound all over the world.

Computer-based technology in the design process Essay

Computer-based technology in the design process - Essay Example Considering the cost of AutoCAD LT 2009 ranging to 1,000+ USD or 650+ EUR, it is very affordable â€Å"2D CAD software that is 100 percent compatible with AutoCAD.† AutoCAD LT 2009 claims to be â€Å"the best-selling 2D drafting application in the world† for increased productivity, drafting efficiency, shared design data security, and affordability (Novedge). On the one hand, Electronics Workbench costs from 76+ USD to 6,900+ USD or 49+ EUR to 4,400+ EUR. National Instruments introduces Electronics Workbench Educational Software compatible with printing and reports, and simulation, with â€Å"schematic capture, simulation (i.e. SPICE, VHDL and patented co-simulation), PCB layout, autorouting and CAM tools. Electronics Workbench dramatically reduces time-to-market by enabling the development and production of PCBs faster and more accurately than any other board layout system.† Through the lightweight view-and-plot-only DWF (Design Web Format) file format that provides the same viewing and to-scale plotting fidelity as a native DWG file; and by applying a digital signature to a DWG file to guarantee the authenticity, origin, and unaltered state of your drawing (Novedge.com) Electronics Workbench products contain all the functionality and power needed to easily teach even the most advanced level courses while using industry standard SPICE in the background. Also, Multisim’s drag-and-drop interface makes circuit

The Great Leap Forward Essay Example for Free

The Great Leap Forward Essay The Hundred flowers campaign was followed by a new militant approach to Chinese economics. Shaoqi believed that the PLA and the military complex should be strengthened for several reasons; firstly the rejection of Mao foreign policy (Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence) in order to prepare for the invasion of Tibet and other island provinces free from mainland influence since the days of the KMT republic. Secondly the war in Korea had created a siege-mentality in China (similar to USSR in the 1930s), China would be ready for invasion. Xiaoping believed that the people could be motivated and ideologically aroused. Mao supported this initial plan believing that this Second Five Year Plan could work better than the first. However he was wary of Shaoqis motives and did not wish to see the people merely exploited and made to work towards unrealistic targets. He initiated the xiafang movement, which took the Leap down to the countryside level. The xiafang movement would have several stages. Primarily it would concentrate on heavy industry and mobilisation of the urban regions. Beijing would begin this with a march to work programme. Next, the increasing of the indoctrinisatation of technology experts and the scientific community. Finally the xiafang movement would move to the rural areas with party cadres and members moving to the people and helping them in agricultural policies. It is at this point that the debate arises critics have suggested that Mao supported the scheme because he was unhappy with the USSRs de-Stalinisation of itself. He was undoubtedly concerned about his countrys over-reliance on Soviet help. The split over the direction occurred in late 1958, by then nearly 750,000 new collectivised farms had been created and agricultural output was at Chinas highest ever, Mao wanted to create forums to discuss problems with the Leap, he also wanted greater self-sufficiency amongst the communes. Shaoqi resisted this idea believing that centralisation was the only means of ensuring success. He introduced the radical mass dormitories with over 5000 people to each one. This new housing was resisted bitterly and Mao argued that it was essential the CCP listened to the people. Zhou Enlai also voiced concerns over plans to release worker from these collectives for overly grand projects such as hydro-plants and irrigation works. Mao quickly seized upon growing disenchantment and distanced himself from the ruling committee. 1959 was a disastrous year for the Chinese economy, in February of that year; Shaoqi admitted that the CCP had exaggerated figures for success. Famine ravaged Maos home province of Hunan and Zhus Jiangxi. Food shortages affected Beijing; raw materials were in short supply for the industrial complex. Xiaoping worsened the situation by creating the Department of Economic Growth ((based upon the Soviet Gosplan model) which centralised directives and set even higher targets. The direct result was the over-production of poor quality goods, a virtual collapse of heavy industry through mismanagement, a malaise and a demoralisation and exhaustion of the peasant population. The intellectual wing of the CCP demanded the plan was scrapped, which led to a vicious purging of the intelligentsia. Mao who personally bore the brunt of blame for the Leap fiasco stepped down from office in April. The following year saw a massive shift in the balance of power; the Second National Congress gave Lui Shaoqi complete control of the CCP and all Maos positions. Defence minister Peng Dehuai openly attacked Maoist policies and firmly placed the blame on Mao. However, Lin Baio a noted Maoist successfully ousted Dehuai out of office and accepted the post of Defence minister. He offers Zhu De the post of C-in-C of the army, who declines. Lin Baio resigns in 1961 after Chinas successful total annexation of Tibet. He is alarmed at the threat to invade Taiwan and the attacks on Jinmen and Mazu. By 1961, the swing to the right was almost complete with Shaoqi in the ascendancy and his fraction most of the positions of power. However with the battle for supremacy gaining momentum by 1962 with Maos spectacular return to power, the political landscape of China would never be the same and the CCP by 1970 would be decimated from top to bottom.

Management Theory Analysis Of Case Study Business Essay

Management Theory Analysis Of Case Study Business Essay In present, the success of an organization significantly depends upon its management and the theories or designs adopted by it for successfully handling its different aspects. The concept of management is been used from last several years but applied in different manner. The different use of management has been evolved in the form of management theory. The concept of management theory has developed from classical theory, bureaucracy, human relations, and social psychological schools, systems and contingency approaches to contemporary management approaches. All the above mentioned management theories have been given by different theorists with their own viewpoints and assumptions that can be applied in workplace according to the needs. Nowadays, application of management theory is important because it assist organizations with an approach to make its entire people more productive. IT facilitates individuals and professional with diverse approaches and tactics that they can use to manage their business and human resources. The vital key to an organizations success is its people and if it is able to manage them, it can effectively attain its pre-determined goals. All the aspects management, management theory, contemporary theories of management, organizational designs, enterprise within organizations and organizational structures are somehow related to each other. All of these are different but interrelated as these are used by a firm to manage its processes, operations and resources. All of these aspects and development of management theory will be discussed in detail in this assignment in concern to the given scenario of Computing for Commerce (CFC). This assignment will be done with the help of analyzing all previous researches done in this field and its applicability in workplace. A number of theorists and researchers have analyzed the management theory and its practice at workplace. They have given several theories or approaches that can be used to improve the productivity of workplace. These different theories and approaches will be analyzed to understand the applicability of management theories and approaches in workplace. The company selected for the discussion and applicability of management behaviour and theory is Computing for Commerce. It was established by Nico Van Barneveld in 1984. It was started as centralized payroll bureau that handle payroll transactions for companies who are too small to run their own payroll departments. It produce monthly payroll statements, transfer funds into employees bank accounts and calculate monthly tax deductions which are paid to the inland revenue on behalf of its clients. From the time of its origin, the size of its customers has grown from 50 customers to 300 customers. The company operates with a flat structure and still runs everything in a hands on manner. Critical Review of CFCs Management Style and Practices In 1984, when Nico Van Barneveld founded Computing for Commerce, it was serving only few customers. Now, as company has expanded in terms of its operations and customers it should adopt some different approach rather than only a flat organizational structure or conventional management styles and practices. The management practices and styles adopted by CFC was effective in old time but now, it is confronting severe issues and it is all because of its ineffective style of management. The concept of management exists from past some centuries but it has become substantial from last few decades. This is because of the failures confronted by various organizations in concern to their management behaviour and practices. From last some decades, CFC has confronted several opportunities as well as challenges and it is all due to increasing globalization and rising level of competition. For capitalizing on existing opportunities and minimizing the effect of heightening challenges, it adopted different expansion strategies. The expansion strategies assisted the company in enlarging its customer base, but it didnt help it in managing its operations and resources. The company employees were dissatisfied that evidences that it should have adopted some effective management theory as from last several years a number of management theories have emerged. Theories like classical theory, bureaucracy, human relations, and social psychological schools, systems and contingency approaches could significantly assist business organizations (Miner 2007). The adoption of different management theories would have facilitated CFC with an appropriate management style or practice to manage their operations and as well as their resources like finance and human resources. This could also be understood with the help of discussion of the development of management theory, different schools of management and their implications for the organisation of CFCs challenges and opportunities. Classical Organizational Theory: The classical organizational theory developed throughout the first half of this century. This management theory is merger of Taylors scientific management, Webers bureaucratic theory and Fayols administrative theory (Almashaqba Al-Qeed 2010). Classical organization theories pertain to formal organization and concepts for increasing management efficiency. Taylor introduced scientific management concepts in 1917, Weber gave the bureaucratic approach and Fayol explicated the administrative theory of the organization (Walonick n.d.). With the help of all these theories or some of these theories, CFC would have easily resolved its troubles related with the management of its employees and their distributions in the management of their work. These theories could significantly assist CFC in increasing its management efficiency as it is vital for the company with its increasing expansion (Organizational Theories n.d.). The advantages and disadvantages of these different classical theories in concern to CFC can be understood with their discussions: Taylors Scientific Management Approach: The scientific management approach was developed by Taylor and it is grounded on the conception of planning of work for attaining efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification. This approach concentrated on the need of increasing mutual trust among management and workers as it is a key to increase productivity (Rimer 1993). If CFC also makes use of this approach, it can effectively plan all its operations and distributions of its employees or trainers. Taylor explicated the subsequent four principles of scientific management through which business organizations can improve their productivity: Old rules-of-thumb should be replaced by a scientific approach. Organizations should select employees on the basis of some analysis, and then should be taught, trained and developed. Concentrate on the need of cooperation among management and labor so that all work can be done in accordance to the developed scientific principles. Scientific training of the workers so that work can be divided effectively between workers and managers with effective planning and control (Walonick n.d.). With the help of this approach CFC may also plan and control all its business operations like payroll transactions and PC Application training. The allocation of local centre managers and trainers would also be done on scientific basis. This will assist the company in making formal divisions among its workers and managers and as well as in adopting systematic procedures (Almashaqba Al-Qeed 2010). On the other hand, this approach also has some limitations like in modern time it is not very much relevant as nowadays concentration on production is replaced by people. In modern time, companies cannot use their employees just as a mean of production they have to treat their employees in a fair and imperative manner (Miner 2007). Webers Bureaucratic Approach: Bureaucratic approach was given by Max Weber in 1947. He elaborated theories given by Taylor and emphasized on the need to abbreviate diversity and uncertainty in organizations. As well, he concentrated on the establishment of clear lines of authority and control. This bureaucratic theory also stressed on the need of a hierarchical structure of power (Walonick n.d.). It assisted the businesses in identifying the significance of division of labor and specialization. In addition to this, a formal set of rules was also bounded into the hierarchy structure so that companies can effectively insure stability and uniformity (Organizational Theories n.d.). By making use of this approach CFC can easily and effectively modify its flat organizational structure that is not suitable nowadays as it is expanding its operations. With the help of bureaucratic approach, the company can significantly develop as a formal organization based on structure, specialization, certainty and stability, rationality and uniformity. This formal structure will assist the company in resolving all its present challenges and capitalizing on available opportunities. In addition to the above discussed advantages, this approach also has some limitations as it will not assist the company in the management of aspects like inflexibility, impersonality, displacement of aims, limitation of classification and self-protraction. It will bring forth a vertical organizational structure that will give rise to many levels of management. Many levels of management will increase complexity and difficulty in attaining coordination. Administrative Theory: The last significant classical theory is Administrative theory that is also known as principles of management. This theory was validated in 1930. It was developed by Fayol in 1949. This theory stressed on the development of a universal set of management principles that could be applied to all organizations (Organizational Theories n.d.). The different elements of this theory are associated to the accomplishment of tasks, principles of management, the conception of line and staff, committees and functions of management. This theory assisted in the identification of the management principles rather than personal traits. Other theorists only shared their beliefs but Fayol was first that recognized management as an ongoing process of evaluation. By making use of this theory CFC can significant attain several advantages in terms of functions of management (planning, organizing, training, commanding and coordinating), line and staff and principles of management (Sapru 2006). All these concepts will assist the company in managing its business operations, customers, stakeholders and other associates. The 14 principles of management will help the company and Nico in an effective management of its organization and its resources. The company will become able in dealing with all its existing issues related with management of operations and resources (Walonick n.d.). In addition to all these advantages, the company may also confer some disadvantages if these principles are not managed in an appropriate manner. It may increase chaos and confusion among the company and its employees. With the discussion of classical theory, it can be said that it can help CFC in the management of its organization but it is very rigid and mechanistic. In this theory, employees have minimum power over their jobs and working conditions that is not relevant with modern era. In modern era employees are given significant preferences in spite of production as until or unless they are not happy, a firm may not attain its objectives. Neoclassical Organization Theory: Neoclassical theorist stressed on the significance of individual or group behaviour and accentuated on human relations. On the basis of the Hawthorne experiments the neoclassical approach stressed on the development of social or human relationships among the operators, researchers and superiors (Organizational Theories n.d.). The considerations of this theory were more pertinent to rendering productivity rather than only making changes in working conditions. The neoclassical theorists argued that business can attain productivity increases by developing high morale. High morale is affected by the amount of individual, personal and close attention workers receive (Mirowski 1983). By making use of this theory, CFC can effectively develop its employees rather than only adopting changes in work pattern or conditions. This theory can facilitate company and Neo on concentrating on human nature aspects. With the help of this management practice, CFC will become able in establishing an informal organization structure and focussing on the development of its employees (Walonick n.d.). With the implication of this theory, Neo will become able in understanding that an employee is not a mechanical tool. An employee is a social being who have several aspirations that affect his performance and productivity. This understanding would assist Neo in developing the productivity of his employees by providing them effective opportunities and motivation. With the application of this theory Neo will also become able in understanding the importance of work group and participative management. Participative management will assist CFC in attaining all available opportunities and in expansion and resolving issues of employee dissatisfaction. Work group will assist it in deriving the benefits of synergy. In this way, this theory will substantially help CFC in the management of its employees that are most vital aspect of a business growth. In addition to above discussed advantages, this theory also has some disadvantages. The management behaviour and practices rendered by this theory sometimes may create failure as there is lack of monitoring that is vital. This theory implies for loose control over subordinates that is not applicable in present competitive environment. At some extent it is essential to monitor subordinates as otherwise they may divert from the given duties or responsibilities. Contingency Theory This theory is a kind of behavioural theory that asserts that in general there is no effective way to systematize a corporation, to direct it and undertake decisions. In spite of this, the best way to manage an organization depends upon its internal and external situation. It was developed by Chandler in 1962 and Lawrence and Lorsch in 1969. In respect to this theory different contingent approaches were developed in the late 1960 (Bacher 2007). Contingency theorists suggested that previous theories like Webers bureaucracy and Taylors scientific management had broke down because they overlooked the environment (Walonick n.d.). In modern time, management style and organizational structure of a firm is substantially influenced by its internal and external environment or contingency factors. If CFC make use of this theory can effectively resolve all its troubles related with expansion and management of its operations. An analysis of its environment will significantly help the company in its future business decisions (Organizational Theories n.d.). With an internal environment analysis, the company can easily identify the substantial reasons of its employee dissatisfaction and level of their performance. On the other hand, external environment will assist it in its future business planning and decisions. With the use of contingency theory, the company will effectively become able in managing its conflicts rather than avoiding it. In addition to these advantages, this theory also has some disadvantages like it is applicable only in a situation when organizational environment is unstable or changing (Jacques 2007). As well, this also demands management time, money, and effort so that coordination can be attained. Systems Theory This theory was suggested by Hungarian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1928. This theory emphasised that all the elements of an organization are interconnected and if there occurs change in a variable it might affect several others also (Northouse 2009). In concern to this theory, organization is considered as open system that is continually interacting with its environment. By applying this theory CFC can effectively derive immense success. It will assist the company in shaping its reality on the basis of its actions. It will help Neo in understanding how its own actions have shaped its present position and that in turn will boost his confidence. With this, he will become able in understanding that its success is related to all its business elements (Kast Rosenzweig 1972). If it makes changes in an element it has to evaluate other elements also so that determined objective can be attained effectively (Walonick n.d.). This theory will help CFC in focussing on all its business elements rather than at a single element. Additionally, it also has disadvantages like its concept of nonlinearity adds massive complexity to understanding of organizations. Its nonlinearity introduces significant complexity and that makes it difficult to understand the relationships between variables. This may also drive CFC towards confusion so it is better to understand its affectivity so that complexity may not arise (Organizational Theories n.d.). The relationship among all its business variables needs to be identified for effective functioning. Approaches to Contemporary Issues in Management Nowadays, the new conception of management has entirely replaced the traditional perspectives of management. In present managers from all around the world are trying to seek new insights about how they can lead in a much better manner and how they can motivate, organise and manage their organisations (McKenna 2000). All these efforts of universal managers are highly affected by the contemporary issues of management confronted by them. With the increasing globalization and healthy world trade conditions, more and more companies are trying to operate at international level. All companies want to reach at the benefits of global expansion so that they can reap the existing opportunities. The effect of globalization has forced companies to move into foreign markets that in turn present several issues in front of managers in concern to management (Daft 2009). They are confronting issues like decreasing level of motivation, downsizing, managing diversity, and management of rapid change and meeting with the competing demands of all stakeholders. Similar is the situation with CFC and need to be managed effectively. All these contemporary issues in management can be resolved effectively at CFC by making use of advanced approaches towards employee motivation, management style, change management and fulfilling competing demands of all stakeholders. For motivating its employees the company can make use of approach of employee empowerment. This will develop self-leadership among CFCs employees and they will become authorized to lead others (Jacques 2007). The deliverance of authority to employees will increase their motivation towards the fulfilment of CFC goals. In addition to employee empowerment, the CFC may also make use of different types of management styles and change management approaches. Both of these will assist the company in responding to change in its internal and external environment. For managing its internal environment the company should make use of participative management style as this will assist in the development of flexible management (Holbeche 2006). It will heighten the communication among company managers and employees that in turn will increase their level of performance. The changed management approach like planned change will assist the company in dealing with its external environment and effect of globalization (Luthans 1998). Participative approach towards management and effective modes of communication will assist, CFC in significantly meeting with the competing demands of all its stakeholders. Internal and external environment analysis will assist it in understanding the needs and requirements of its customers, suppliers, employees and shareholders (Harris Hartman 2001). In this way, it can be said that in present there are various approaches that can be used by CFC for dealing with the contemporary issues of management. Evaluation of CFCs Enterprise Culture Consideration of its Operating Structure CFC is a small size firm and its enterprise culture is not as effective as it need to be in present time. The company operates in the simplest manner and does not give importance to social values of employees, associates and its stakeholders. Due to its weak enterprise culture it confronts several issues in concern to its employees, associates, stakeholders satisfaction. The company operates as a sole trader that has several advantages as well as disadvantages for it (Murray, Poole Jones 2006). The only person that owns the CFC is Neo. In this type of company structure, Neo being a sole proprietor has absolute control over his business and he is totally responsible for its management. This type of structure has little start up costs and it is elementary. All the profits made by this type of company structure are kept by Neo only and it is quite flexible as whatever changes are required can be made easily. On the other, this structure also render Neo with several disadvantages like he has to manage all business related tasks and as his business is expanding, it will become difficult for him only to manage all business operations. He is exclusively responsible for paying all debts and it is also difficult for a sole trader to raise funds for expansions (Spedding Rose 2008). With the discussion of these disadvantages of sole trading, it can be said that the CFC should make use of some other company structure. Now as company is increasing in its size and customer base than it should make use of following company structures: Limited Companies: Limited companies subsist with their own right. The companys finances are distinguished from the personal finances of their proprietors. Shareholders may be people or other companies and they are not accountable for the companys debts unless they have given guarantees. The main types of limited company are private limited companies, public limited companies and private unlimited companies (Pride, Hughes Kapoor 2009). In this type of business structure, there is limited liability. It means that each shareholder or member is liable only at the extent of the amount invested by him. This type of structure also avoids double taxation. On the other hand, it also has some limitations like restrictive transfer of ownership (Needham Dransfield 1994). Partnerships: In this type of company structure, two or more people share the risks, costs and responsibilities of business. Each associate is self-employed and enjoys a share of the profits. In this type of company structure, partners make decisions by coordinating with each other that usually results in assured success. It reduces the risk of individually running and managing a business (Spedding Rose 2008). It is a relatively simple and flexible way to manage a business. On the other hand, it also has some disadvantages like it is not essential that both the partners follow all established rules and ethics. They may take advantage of other for fulfilling their own needs. Co-operatives: It is a distinct type of business structure that is user-owned and user-controlled business that allocates margins to its users on the basis of use of patronage. This structure authorizes its users to attain ownership by patronizing the business. It also has risks like uncertainty, and follows up of established code of conduct (Pride, Hughes Kapoor 2009). With the above discussion of different types of business structures, it can be said that CFC should make use of some other operating structure in spite of sole trading. As now, the size of company is increasing in terms of its operations, customer base and overseas expansion; it is not possible for Neo only to manage each business aspect. In this situation, he should adopt some other company structure like partnership or limited company. Analysis of CFCs Organization Structure From the time of its origin, CFC is operating with flat organizational structure. In the company everything runs in a hands on manner. The company has four key staff in the centre of the company that handle management functions like finance and marketing. As well, the company also has a dedicated central IT team of three people handling the payroll service. The company is running on flat organizational structure because it feels this structure is appropriate in accordance to its small size. With the help of this flat structure the company is able in attaining effective communication among its employees and management. It also assists CFC in the development of effective team spirit, less bureaucracy and rational decision making (Furnham 2005). In addition to these advantages of flat organizational structure, the company also confronts several disadvantages like it may limit its growth and structure. Functions of an individual or department could be blurred and merge with the job roles of others as there are not any distinctions between individuals roles (Daft Marcic 2008). With the discussion of these advantages and disadvantages of flat organizational structure, it can be said that CFC should adopt some other organizational design. As now companys operations and customer base is increasing day by day and it is also planning to establish its operations in overseas locations, the company should change its old organizational structure. Subsequent are the various organizational designs that can be considered by CFC for the effective management of its new overseas ventures: Functional Structure: It is a type of departmentalization in which positions are grouped on the basis of their main functional area. In other words, in this type of structure positions are grouped into units on the basis of similarity of expertise, acquisitions and work activities (Montana Charnov 2000). It is most common method of grouping activities. CFC can also make use of this structure as it will assist it in running its overseas operations effectively. With the help of this structure, the company will become able in grouping its several employees on the basis of their functions like marketing, finance, operations, management etc. It is a logical structure and can help the company in managing its increasing size and employee base. With the help of this functional structure, Neo will effectively utilize its greater variety of skills. This structure will provide clarity to its members regarding their roles and duties and with this they will get specialization in specific business area (Drucker 2008). This role clarity and specialization will develop employees leadership skills. Divisional Structure: A divisional organizational structure is a type of departmentalization in which positions are grouped according to similarity of products, services or markets. With the help of this organizational structure, CFC can divide its complex functional units into smaller, more flexible and administrative units. The functions of its payroll departments can be classified into different divisions (Luthans 1998). This will assist the company in promoting independent and self-contained units in its overseas ventures. This can also be used for managing its increasing size and technology. Employees satisfaction level will also increase with this type of structure as they will became independent and will operate according to their own rationality in concern to given goals. Each division or unit of the company will react quickly that is vital for operating successfully in overseas ventures. In addition to this, organization and coordination will also become easy and speedy (Storey 2004). Hybrid Structure: Other substantial organization structure that can be used by CFC for managing its increasing size and customer base is hybrid structure. This structure will assist the company in adopting both the functional and divisional structure at the same level of management (Agarwal 1983). With the help of functional structure, the company will become able in deriving advantages of economies of scale, greater competence of managers and competence in resource utilization (Murphy Saal 1990). As well, with the help of divisional structure it will become able in concentrating on its services and markets. Matrix Structure: The last significant organizational structure that can be used by CFC for managing its overseas ventures is matrix organizational structure. It is type of departmentalization that superimposes a horizontal set of divisions reporting relationships onto a hierarchical functional structure. With the help of this structure the CFC can take advantages of decentralized decision making. In addition to this, it will facilitate the company in attaining strong project or product coordination (Griffin Moorhead 2009). With this structure the company will become able in quickly responding to changes and making a flexible use of human resources. With the discussion of all substantial organizational designs, it can be said that CFC can easily make use of above discussed structures. With the help of these advanced organizational designs the company will become able in managing its overseas ventures by analyzing goals, values, cultures, size, technology and tasks. Evaluation of Global Issues that affect CFC and its New Venture In the last few years, Nico has seen the evolution of outsourcing as a most important new way of doing business. He has also decided that CFC must grab this opportunity on an international scale. In this concern he has determined to open an outsourced IT support centre in the far east to take account of the lower wage structure in that part of the world. He also have plan to open an outsourced call centre of more or less 200 people working from the overseas territory on behalf of approximately 50 UK based companies. For its global ventures, Neo has discovered three countries of interest that are Vietnam, Cambodia and Philippines. Nico knows very little about these countries working practices and environment that can negatively affect its operations. For handling with these global issues, it is essential that the company take into account existing market forces, barriers to trade and related aspects. Nowadays more and more countries are adopting and signing different agreements so that they can operate without any limits or constraints in foreign locations. The concept of free economy has emerged with the evolution of aspects like protectionism, trading blocs (EU, NAFTA etc) and importation quotas and import duties. By analyzing all these aspects and benefits limitations of free market, CFC can effectively enter the selected foreign countries (Pride, Hughes Kapoor 2009). Protectionism: It is the economic policy that limits trade between states with the use of techniques like tariffs on imported goods, protective quotas and a kind of other government ordinances. These constraints in this economic policy were planned to deter imports, and preclude foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies. This policy is intimately coordinated with anti-globalization (Hill 2008). It is a contrast to free trade that is still used in some nations but is been abolishing from last several years with increasing globalization. Trade Blocs: A trade bloc is a kind of intergovernmental placement that is mostly part of a regional intergovernmental organization. With these agreements regional impediments to trade like tarif